Design and Control of Motorized Foot-rest for Electric Powered Wheelchair

Design and Control of Motorized Foot-rest for Electric Powered Wheelchair Free Online Research Papers In this project, we aim to enhance some of the features of an Electric-Powered Wheelchair(EPW). With the aim of having simple accessories with user-friendly features, we decided to focus on the foot-rest of the EPW. Extensive literature search and brainstorm creative and new ideas were conducted. We finally decided to design a working prototype of foot-rest. To build the foot-rest to actual size is too difficult for us given the time frame and with our limited knowledge and experience with engineering design; hence we built a scaled-down model using materials from a modeling kit to demonstrate the basic functions of the foot-rest. We tested the performances of the foot-rest model for both the leg lifting function as well as for exercise mode by connecting it to the electrical power source. We also used two batteries of 3V in total as an alternative power source. The foot-rest is driven by Direct Current (DC) motors: two for the rotational motion and one for the linear motion. Using the experimental results, we have developed an idea about where to modify and improve the existing scaled-down model so as to obtain a more desirable full-fledge product to help more people. For future development of our project, we would like use a microcontroller to run the foot-rest in the exercise mode in a smoother and more convenient manner. Introduction Wheelchair foot-rest are known by many names including front rigging, foot rest, wheelchair leg supports, or just wheelchair legs to name a few. The existing foot-rests act as base of support to prevent sliding and improve positioning manually [1]. Usually, EPWs wheelchair users often have limited strength in their arms and torso, and thus most of the time they depend on the wheelchair in sedentary position. Hence, the users hardly move their legs or feet due to weakness in their lower part of their body and the foot-rest is fixed. In this case, it leads to some inconvenience, for example, there must be somebody helping to lift the users’ feet from the ground onto the pad of foot-rest. Moreover, if the users’ legs are too short and the pad is too far down from the seat, it would be uncomfortable to dangle his legs and feet in the air since the foot-rest is unmovable. Another problem found by EPW users is that, as a result of long-time staying still on the wheelchair, th e users lack chances to exercise; and thus it brings out the problem of poor blood circulation and physical inactivity [2]. All these difficulties need to be resolved and with this query in our mind, we found it necessary to make a change on the foot-rest. With considerations of the problems sated above, we decided to develop a simple model which can help people to lift up their feet from the ground without anybody’s assistance and adjust the length and angle of the foot-rest to provide a most comfortable position for the user to put their feet. The foot-rest can also help the users to exercise their legs in order to improve blood circulation in the legs. Material and Methods Design Before we sketched the draft of our design, we took pictures of the present foot-rest so as to have a general idea about the foot-rest. The original one is fixed in position, with fixed length and angle. Therefore, the pad is also unmovable, providing a fixed position for the users to put their feet on. With the purpose to create a mobile position, we designed two types of new foot-rest in total as following: ? The L shape one with two linear motor (Fig.1) ? The I shape design (Fig. 2) After careful considerations and discussions about the pros and cons of each design, we decided to centre on this I shape design. Basically, we have considered many factors when designing the foot-rest like weight of the foot-rest, number of motors used, construction of the design, amount of materials needed and cost, etc. Specifically, the first design including two motors to drive the whole construction is obviously more expensive. Moreover, it also adds weight to the wheelchair; thus it requires more electrical forces to lift the foot-rest up and down. Lastly, as the design involves construction of two motors and more circuit connections, the overall construction is deemed to be more complicated. Judging the designs in these aspects, we find out that the current design is more advantageous because of following reasons: ? The motors are placed at the top and it effectively minimizes the weight on the pad of foot-rest. Hence, it does not need much power to lift up the lower part of foot-rest, so we could we can choose small and low-powered motor which can reduce the cost. Benefiting from this, our design saves much power and is basically environmental friendly. ? For the present design, we use one rotational and one linear movement rather than two linear movements in the first design. It is done so to change the angle more directly and effectively. Moreover, this design makes it easier to control the speed and spare our need for complicated calculation work. Name Explanation controller Switch plate: the place the main controlling system/connection and the batteries are Switch arm and control stick: act as joysticks to control the rotational and linear movements by moving the control stick to the left, right, forwards and backwards. Rotational and linear motions This part includes the motors and gearbox which control the rotational and linear movements. Movable mast This part includes movable mast, and threaded shaft/lead-screw. When the motors start to work, the lead-screw rotates accordingly to produce the linear motion. Besides assembling all the parts together, we also add in a couple of resistors to reduce the voltage applied to the motor. It is necessary as if the voltage applied to the motor is too high, it would cause the speed of rotational motion to be very fast. If that is so, it is inconvenient and too fast for the user to adjust the position of the foot-rest. Therefore, in order to slow down the speed, we construct the motor equivalent circuit according to the theories we learnt before (i.e. the four basic equations pertaining to Direct Current motor) In the equations, Va is the overall voltage of the circuit and Ea is the electromagnetic motive force/ the voltage over the motor. The speed of the motor is proportional to the back e.m.f. induced by the motor. When the DC power source (Va) is reduced, the value of Ea would then slow down the motor’s speed. As a result of this, the speed of the rotational motion of the foot-rest would also be slowed down. Results After the whole construction is completed, we use two batteries of 3V in total as the power source and supply the foot-rest model with a current of 1.5A. Under these conditions, the foot-rest moves up and down with the linear motion at an average speed of 6 mm/s. It can extend to a maximum length of 30cm from the original/minimum length of 18cm. For the rotational motion, if only one foot-rest is working, it can reach a maximum angle of 90 degrees. If two of them are working together, the maximum angle they can reach is 60 degrees. This is because when two of them are working together, they will share the voltage and the voltage applied to each of them is smaller. Therefore, there will not be enough electrical forces to rotate one to 90 degrees. As abovementioned, our new design of foot-rest is capable of lifting the user’s feet from the ground. Firstly, we can apply the linear motion – the length is increased – until the pads touch the ground. Then when the user’s feet are dragged onto the pad and the user is sitting in the wheelchair, apply the linear motion again. Consequently, the user’s feet on the pad can be lifted up in the air, sparing the need of others helping to lift up the feet. Next, the user could adjust his sitting position in the seat to a most comfortable one and then adjust the position of the foot-rest accordingly. In order to achieve this, the user could simply control the joy sticks/control sticks in the switch plate to apply both the linear and the rotational motion. Both the vertical length and angle can be changed. For example, if the user had longer legs, he can increase both the length and the angle to stretch his legs and to seek a suitable position. If he is obst ructed by objects in front, he merely needs to decrease the angle and increase more in length (as shown in Fig.5 to Fig.7). Furthermore, our foot-rest can provide an exercise mode to help users exercise their legs. This can be done by applying the linear or rotational motions continuously; as in making the foot-rest moving up and down (Fig.8) or rotating the angle continuously (Fig.9). It is achieved by pushing the control sticks forward and backward alternatively to apply linear motion; it is similar with the rotational motion. In this sense, the users’ legs are moving all the time, just like walking. This encourages blood circulation and physical reaction, which is beneficial to the users’ health and recovery. In conclusion, our new design is very convenient and requires little strength from the user. Furthermore, as we have adjusted the speed to moderate, the user could adjust the length and angle bit by bit in a more accurate way. Discussions In overall, we feel that we have achieved our main objectives under our continuous and arduous efforts. Our model is completed in time and successfully demonstrates all of our suggested functions. As we connect our model to the power source, we manage to control the movement of the foot-rest using the controller. Any movement is seen immediately. However, there are still some areas that we can work on. Firstly, when there is any movement on the foot-rest (rotary or vertical motions), much noise is produced. Partially, it is due to the friction between gears and we need to apply oil on the gear constantly, which is very inconvenient. In addition, according to our estimation, the speed of linear motion is a bit slower and it may not lift up users’ legs. The major reason lies in the small power of the motor. Therefore, the model is merely for demonstrating the fundamental working principles of the new foot-rest. For the real one, we still need motor with larger power to load efficiently. Further development of project We plan to extend our project as we find out that it is very inconvenient for the users who are weak in strength to manually control the foot-rest for exercise mode. Therefore, we foresee the need to improve our model with more effectiveness to make it more realistic and feasible. We plan to add microcontroller into our design and thus it can automatically manipulate the foot-rest. When the user is stepping on the pad, the microcontroller can help to exercise his legs like riding the bicycle in a circular motion. In other words, it can adjust the length and angel continuously and simultaneously and thus a more convenient exercise mode is created to help the users to automatically exercise their legs and even lower body for physical recreation. Acknowledgement We would like to thank our mentors and teacher in charge for patient and continuous help and support. Reference: [1] Colin A McLaurin and Peter Axelson, 1990. Wheelchair standards: an overview Journal of Rehabilitation Research Development, vol. Suppl, pp. 100-109. [2] R.A. Cooper, K. L. Stewart, D. P. VanSickle, S. J. Albright, T. Heil, 1994. Manual wheelchair ISO-ANSI/RESNA fatigue testing experience in Proc. RESNA 94, Nashville, TN, pp. 324-326. Research Papers on Design and Control of Motorized Foot-rest for Electric Powered WheelchairThe Hockey GameBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfQuebec and CanadaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalWhere Wild and West MeetThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paper

Types of Fixed Price Contracts

Types of Fixed Price Contracts Fixed price contracts are a bit self-explanatory. You propose a single price to accomplish the work being sought. Once the project is complete the government customer pays you the agreed to price. Your cost to complete the work does not factor into how much you are paid. Types of Fixed Price Contracts Firm Fixed Price or FFP contracts have detailed requirements and a price for the work. The price is negotiated before the contract is finalized and does not vary even if the contractor needs to expend more or less resources than planned. Firm fixed price contracts require the contractor to manage the costs of the work in order to make a profit. If more work than planned is required then the contractor may lose money on the contract. Fixed Price Contract with Incentive Firm Target (FPIF) contract is a firm fixed price type contract (as compared to a cost reimbursable). The fee can vary depending on whether the contract comes in above or below planned cost. These contracts do contain a ceiling price to limit the government’s exposure to cost overruns. Fixed price with economic price adjustment contracts are fixed price contracts but they contain a provision to account for contingencies and changing costs. An example is the contract may contain an adjustment for an annual salary increase. Computing Fixed Price Fixed price contracts can be lucrative or cause a big loss to a company. Computing the proposed fixed price follows a similar to cost plus contract pricing. Study the request for proposals carefully determining the scope of work to be completed, labor categories of personnel needed and materials to be procured. A conservative approach to scoping the work (resulting a higher proposed cost) is preferred to offset the risk level of the work taking more effort and money than planned. However, if you propose too high a price you could lose the contract by not being competitive. Start computing the fixed price you will propose by creating a general work breakdown structure (WBS) for the project. Using the work breakdown structure you can estimate the number of labor hours by labor category needed to complete each phase of the project. Add in the materials, travel and other direct costs to the labor (priced at your labor rates) to get the proposed contract cost. Add fringe, overhead and general administrative rates to the appropriate costs to get the proposed project cost. Fee is then added to the planned cost to obtain the final fixed price you will propose. When deciding the fee take careful account of the amount of risk you have in the project not going at least as well as planned. Any risk of cost overruns should be factored into the fee. If you feel confident you can complete the work in the proposed costs then you can reduce your fee to be more competitive. For example, if the contract is to provide mowing services on base then you can estimate the amount of labor that will be required fairly accurately since the amount of mowing is well defined. If the contract is to develop a new, renewable fuel type for tanks then your risk of incurring more costs than planned is much greater. Fee rates can range from a couple of percent to 15% depending on the risk level. Note that the government and your competitors are also computing the project risk level and the related fee so be reasonable and realistic in your computations. Proposing the Fixed Price Here is where the couple of fixed price contracts come into play. When finalizing the price you will propose know the fee type required in the request for proposals. If an economic adjustment is allowed then you will need to propose what this percentage will be for each year of the contract. This is also called the escalation. Modify the computed fixed price to match the request for proposals and submit your winning proposal.

Housing In Jerusalem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Housing In Jerusalem - Essay Example Finally, a brief discussion on how NGOs and the international media interpret and represent this unique dynamic will be represented. Firstly, it must be understood that the key economic challenge of housing within Jerusalem has to do with the fact that the demand for housing is extraordinarily high. There are ultimately two reasons for this. The first of these reasons has to do with the ongoing efforts of the Israeli government to settle more Jewish people from around the world within Israel’s borders. As such, the strain to continually create new housing and new infrastructure places a high strain on limited resources and creates a situation in which the price for these accommodations is exorbitantly high. What this in turn effects is a situation in which only the ultra rich can afford to live anywhere near Jerusalem itself; necessarily reducing the possibility for the cities sizeable Arab minority to be able to afford to buy new housing. The second issue that affects the high cost and extreme high demand of housing has to do with the culturally high fertility rates that are exhibited amongst both the Jew ish and Arab population of Jerusalem. As a direct result of this, the overall number of individuals that reach maturity and seek out accommodations within the city that they call home increases exponentially each and every year (Schmemann 4). Not surprisingly, as with almost every other issue, the way in which NGOs and the international media approach this issue of population growth within Jerusalem, and more generally within Israel, is somewhat warped. As such, stakeholders oftentimes assume that the pressures on the housing market within Jerusalem are contingent upon the immigrants to Israel that are brought in as a function of collecting ethnically Jewish individuals from around the globe and settling them in Israel. As such,

Analysis of a technology or a scientific development and its Essay

Analysis of a technology or a scientific development and its relationship to the values inherent in our culture and then compare this technology (scientific development) with the values of another culture - Essay Example Progressing skills also straightforwardly develops the everyday customs, like job, discipline, or just individual significance. In the current bureau, several citizens’ particularly younger citizens, go to their places of work listening to the songs with their headphones plucked in their ears. They frequently use their handset to embrace dialog with associates while performing their tasks. Several job givers think that this multi-task decrease work creation. Nevertheless, several students disagree that there are customs individuals can progress their capability to send a message while upholding the judgment contact among other individuals, but no inquiries have been done to confirm this situation. As know-how advances, individuals develop into extra reliant and devote much of their occasion on the newest communication gadgets to do much of the conversation and to flee away from conversing one on one with the individual nearby (Turkle 06-07). Know-how has altered the manner in which individuals convey messages. From my point of view, innovative know-how generates more resourceful habits of passing messages. In addition, everybody depends seriously on knowledge for communication further frequently than as was practiced in the past ten years. It is clear that our daily routine is affected by the use of these gadgets in that anywhere we go or whatever we do rotates on the phone. The manner in which people converse to each other has changed from script and transfer of corporal mail to a clack of a knob on an electronic mail. Since medieval era, Romeo and Juliet inscribed adorable letters as ways to show how much they loved each other. Uniting the internet with the mainframe, introduced the use of electronic mail. Moving the handset has developed into a customary routine for everybody since it is so simple to exercise, extremely suitable, and readily available whenever one needs it. The article discusses manner of

Exploring South Africa Culture Essay Example for Free

Exploring South Africa Culture Essay There are many countries that display various types and forms of communication, especially in some countries of Africa. One of the most toured and â€Å"rainbow† diverse country in Africa is apparently South Africa. Even though most of the country is predominantly black, it is also known to be one of the most multicultural countries in the world. In fact, there are many different ethnic groups that make up the countries’ population in urban areas. Also, it explain black people of South Africa colonialism and immigration have brought in white Europeans, Indians, Indo-Malays, Chinese and many more. The best the thing to do is describe some of South African culture, customs, manners, etiquette, values in order to understand the people better. You may be going to South Africa on business, for a visit or even hosting South African colleagues or clients in your own country. Remember, this is only a very basic prologue and is not meant to stereotype all South Africans you may meet! South Africa can be described as a social community that has a various types of communicational style, depending on the ethnic group or maybe the area At the same time they value human politeness over materialism. People living in the city live their life in the fast lane, which affects their outlook. People from the city Johannesburg can quite often be regarded as having materialistic values, and being more concerned in what you own rather than who you are in general. They prefer to see themselves as urbane and their country cousins as less sophisticated. However, in rural areas family ties, long-term friendships and social standing are all important to South Africans. The many rural black communities and villages are still rooted in the traditions of their heritage, whereas the increasingly urban black community combines their roots with the urban environment and international influences that surround them. In order to be accepted by the majority of South African culture, you must first understand their customs. South Africans are openly expressive when it comes to their customs. In fact, some of the countries customs are related to the United States in a way. For instance, the United States and South African share similar greetings, the English language and attires. When trying to get to know someone, South Africans, regardless of ethnicity, prefer meeting and greeting someone face to face instead of impersonal communication like email, letter, or telephone. Greetings are unhurried and can include time for social conversations and the exchanging of them too. â€Å"Currently, there are several greeting styles in South Africa, depending upon the ethnic heritage of the person you are visiting. When dealing with foreigners, most South Africans shake hands while maintaining eye contact and smiling† (Kwintessential 2004). Some women of South Africa don’t like to shake hands, usually they will merely nod their head, so it is best to wait for a woman to extend her hand first. Men can also kiss a woman they know well on the cheek in place of a handshake; something like France. Gender can also play a role in communication in some parts of South Africa. Traditionally, South African women have held second-class status to men. African social structures are centered on men, leaving women powerless (Martinez,1). Basically this called â€Å"Patriarchal†. This is mainly the belief of social communities throughout the entire racial and ethnic population of South Africa. Women roles is to cook and be the caregivers instead the household providers. Sometimes there are women in South Africa who have to follow their husband around or cannot go anywhere without them. Some continue to follow their traditional values; mostly are tribes and those living in villages. Sadly, Patriarchal societies remain prevalent today in South Africa. Another form of the South African culture would be celebrations. There’s one event that is celebrated in the South Africa called the â€Å"Rainbow† Cuisine (Hill, 1). The Rainbow Cuisine is meaningful and traditional to the country. It brings all ethnicity and culture together by using music, dance, cultural food and turning it into a big festival; something like Mardi Gras and the Super Bowl put together but bigger. In general, South Africans give gifts for birthdays and Christmas like Americans. However, South Africans only celebrate two main birthdays 21 and 40 while Americans celebrate 16, 18, 21, and 50. â€Å"Most South African’s birthdays are often celebrated with a large party in which a lavish gift is given† (Kwintessential 2004). It is common for several friends to contribute to this gift to help defray the cost. If you are invited to a South Africans home, bring flowers, good quality chocolates, or a bottle of good South African wine to the hostess (Kwintessential 2004). Wrapping a gift nicely shows extra effort. Gifts are opened when received. Just like the United States when you are invited to a South Africans household. A person must always arrive on time if invited to dinner. It’s considered very rude to show up late or don’t even show up to an invited dinner. Contact the hostess ahead of time to see if she would like you to bring a dish. Every guest have to be in casual wear or at least look presentable for other guest who are also invited and for the host as well. There are some ways to be appreciative of your host’s invite and that’s to offer to help the hostess with the preparation or clearing up after a meal is served. Most South Africans feel well respected when someone show kindness towards them and their family, especially over their food. Gentlemen can also get away with wearing jeans or shorts at a dinner, but they have to be pressed and not wrinkly. So before arriving to the dinner it is always a good idea to check with the hosts in advance. In the urban areas of South Africa, the casual is dressier than in other parts of the country so a person shouldn’t wear jeans or shorts unless you have spoken to the hosts. Now, there is some comparison with South Africa and the United States on some issues. One would be is how South Africa and the United States are conducting business ties with each other. Apparently, South Africans want to maintain agreeable working protocol relationships, so they shun confrontations. It is said that being imperative can help to develop mutual trust before negotiating with someone in business. Another rule in company’s or business negotiating it to never interrupt a South African while they are speaking. Interrupting can cause a huge fail between the buyer and seller, more over it can mess up business. South Africans strive for consensus and win-win situations. South Africans do not like bargaining over price, they believe in final decision- making. â€Å"Decision-making may be concentrated at the top of the company and decisions are often made after consultation with subordinates, so the process can be slow and protracted† (U. S. Library of Congress). However, in South Africa women today still have yet to attain advanced professional positions. If you send a woman, she must expect to encounter some condescending behavior and to be tested in ways that a male colleague would not. Women might have equal rights as men, however they are still treated unequally in higher business positions that’s ran mostly by men, like in the United States. South Africa and the United States are practicing friendlier connections in many areas. â€Å"More than 500 United States companies have more than US$5 billion in direct investments in South Africa in the mid-1990s, and trade between the two countries is increasing steadily† (U. S. Library of Congress). Despite the alleged disagreements in government between the two countries, they both learned to communicate and cooperate with each other by coming to verbal agreements on how business should be ran. South Africa can be an overall great experience for any tourist. Their culture can be easily understood by any ethnicity around the world. Hopefully South Africans will continue to expand traditions, culture, values, customs, and etiquettes in their country, despite diversity. The â€Å"Rainbow† nation will continue to shine their colors and will always be equally match to other countries, even the United States.

Hip Hop And Rap :: essays research papers

The most widely accepted definition of rap music is spoken words with a rhythm of bass, drums, and keyboard sounds. The words are spoken over the music and the accents and emphasis on words is important. Hip Hop is defined as the accompanying background music but is often used as a synonym to rap music. In this paper I will show how rap got its start and evolved into the culture we know today as hip hop. Influences on rap music started as early as the 1940’s when Rhythm & Blues and Jazz included many of the elements that make up rap music. Rap music became its own genre of music in the 1970’s when DJ’s from New York, such as DJ Lovebug, DJ Cool Herc and DJ Hollywood, began manipulating, and scratching, records to make rhythms, beats, and other sounds. As this took place the rapper would speak over the music using rhymes. The rapper would use emphasis and accents with their lyrics. In 1979 the Sugar Hill Gang marketed the first rap single with their hit â€Å"Rapper’s Delight†. This forced the world to acknowledge that rap was a force in the music industry. In 1982, with the release of the single â€Å"The Message† by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, rap music took on a new purpose. The song stated the hardships of living in the â€Å"ghetto† of New York as is shown in the chorus of the song. â€Å"Don’t push me, cause I’m close to the edge, I’m trying not to loose my head, It’s like a jungle sometimes, It makes me wonder, How I keep from going under.† In 1986 sampling was developed. Rap artists would use beats, rhythms, background music, and sometimes exact lyrics from previously recorded songs and incorporate them into their recordings. They often used a machine, known as a sampler, to replicate the existing sounds and tracks. Sampling led to problems, however. Musicians whose music was used in other songs saw no profit from the sampling. This led to many lawsuits. Also, fans felt betrayed that the rappers didn’t come up with their own music as they had in the earlier days of rap. Considered the â€Å"Fathers of Hip Hop†, Run DMC pioneered rap music in the 1980’s. The group consisted of three men. Joseph Simmons (Run), Darrly McDaniels (DMC), and Jason Mizell (Jam Master Jay) made up the most influential rap group of all time.

Boston Tea Party, Tea Essay

Attention Getter: You probably wouldn’t believe me if I told you that a drug that creates the same signaling activity in the brain as cocaine is sold legally on almost every street corner across the nation. This is a fact however, and the drug is caffeine. It is one of the main ingredients in coffee, and is currently the most frequently used recreational drug in the world. Establish Credibility: I personally consider myself a coffee expert, and have been drinking at least one cup of coffee almost every morning for the last three years. Relate to the audience: Now, I know not every one of you drinks coffee but as you  can tell by the multiple Dutch Bros, Starbucks, and other coffee shops around town it is a very big part of our culture today. Preview: Throughout the course of this speech, I will discuss three major points relating to coffee. First, I will give some information on the history of coffee and when it first came into human culture, followed by the positive health benefits and some of the negative health risks associated with coffee. [First of all, I’m going to talk a little bit about the historical side of coffee and how it first got popular in our culture. ] Body I. Main Point: To understand why coffee is such a big part of modern day society, we must first understand where it originated. A. Sub-point: Coffee was first cultivated on the Arabian Peninsula in the 15th century. 1. Supporting details: Not only were the Arab’s the first to cultivate coffee, but they also were the first to trade coffee. 2. By the 16th century, the popularity of coffee was already expanding and Persia, Egypt, Syria and Turkey all had discovered about the amazing beverage. Sub-point: By the 17th century coffee was still gaining notoriety around  the world, however it was still not a household favorite as it as today. 1. Supporting Details: Coffee houses started sprouting up everywhere in the 1700’s, however tea was still the most popular drink around. 2. In 1773 a heavy tax on tea was inflicted by King George, which led to a pretty famous revolt called The Boston Tea Party. 3. Since people couldn’t afford tea after the tax, coffee quickly took over as the most popular morning beverage across the world, and remains the most popular today. Although coffee has been drank for hundreds of years, the majority of its health  benefits have only recently been discovered in the last few decades. ] II. Main Point: The majority of people drink coffee just to get through each day, however it does have many positive benefits to your health. A. Sub-point: Within just the last few years alone there has been research done showing that coffee may protect against type 2 diabetes, liver cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. 1. Supporting details: According the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, liver cancer is the ninth leading cause of cancer and coffee has been shown to reduce risk of liver cancer by 40%. 2. Drinking coffee reduces the risk of diabetes as well, which is a common risk factor of liver cancer. B. Sub-point: One of the other medical uses of coffee is in preventing Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. 1. Supporting details: The most common neurodegenerative disease and number 1 cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s. 2. There is no cure for Alzheimer’s, however it has been shown that coffee drinkers have up to a 65% lower risk of getting the disease. [You might be thinking coffee is a miracle drink after some of those statistics, however it also has many negative effects on health as well. ] III. Main Point: There are a great deal of health issues that can result from drinking coffee, with some of the most common being addiction, insomnia and increased blood pressure. A. Sub-point: As a college student, one of the last things you will ever want to experience is insomnia, but it is a regular side effect of coffee. 1. Supporting details: By blocking certain receptors in the brain, coffee prevents chemicals that induce sleep from being used. B. Sub-point: Another widely studied effect of coffee, specifically caffeine, is how addictive it is. 1. Supporting details: Caffeine stimulates the central nervous  system and regular use will result in a physical dependence. 2. If a regular coffee drinker doesn’t have their daily cup, they will feel fatigued, irritable, and experience headaches within the first 24 hours. Conclusion 1. Transition Signal: In conclusion, coffee isn’t for everyone but if you do choose to consume it, you at least now know how it affects you. 2. Summary of Main Points: Throughout this speech we looked at how coffee first gained popularity in the human race, some of it’s positive health benefits as well as some of the negatives. 3. Call to Action: Even if you’ve never been a fan of coffee, try drinking a cup  before your next study session and see if you still don’t like it. 4. Memorable end: Although it may be addicting and cause serious potential health problems, there must be something special about coffee considering over half of adults in the U. S. drink it daily. References: 1) â€Å"Coffee Acts Just like Cocaine, Says Scientist. â€Å" BeverageDaily. com. Beverage Daily, 02 Sept. 2002. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. 2) Goldschein, Eric. â€Å"11 Incredible Facts About The Global Coffee Industry. † Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 14 Nov. 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. 3) Gunnars, Kris. â€Å"13 Proven Health Benefits of Coffee† Authority Nutrition. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. 4) â€Å"The History Of Coffee. † – National Coffee Association. NCA, n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. 5) Stromberg, Joseph. â€Å"This Is How Your Brain Becomes Addicted to Caffeine. † Smithsonian. N. p. , 9 Aug. 2013. Web. 11 Nov. 2014. 6) Van Dam, Rob. â€Å"Ask the Expert: Coffee and Health. † The Nutrition Source. Harvard School of Public Health, n. d. Web. 09 Nov. 2014. 7) Weber, Belinda. â€Å"Coffee Consumption Cuts Liver Cancer Risk. † Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 22 Oct. 2013. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. .

Non-Verbal Communication Essay

A number of people pay more attention on what they want to say,however,how to say it means more important. â€Å"In fact, studies suggest that during face-to-face communication, only 7% of meaning comes from the verbal content of the message —38% comes from tone of voice and 55% comes from body language. † Obviously, non-verbal communication refers to the process of the communication by means of receiving and sending the messages which are wordless. As an important tool of communication, non-verbal communication plays an important part in job interviews, medical care and social interactions. The process of a job interview is full of communication, including both verbal and nonverbal communications; however, nonverbal communication is more important than verbal communication in some ways. When people do the interview, it is critical for people to send the right messages and receive the good responses as well as maintaining eye contact, using facial expressions and making proper postures. Eye contact is essential when people are talking to the interviewer. The sustained eye contact could be respectful which show your confidence and trust. Also, this makes sure that you are listening and understanding about what you are communicating with each other. However, it’s not good to stare at interviewers constantly, which make them uncomfortable. The best way is to maintain the eye contact for several seconds, and then change your vision away from the interviewers briefly, finally put the eye contact on the interviewers. Meanwhile, facial expression is a necessary component in a job interview. Commonly, smile is a powerful communication tool, which is able to deliver the friendliness, happiness and interests. It helps people relieve nervous tension in order to make a good performance in the front of the interviewers. Also, it’s better to add a smile with your eyes so that you can show a real smile in your face, which makes your interview more successful. Additionally, making good postures can affect the quality of the job interview. The way of standing, sitting or talking shows the level of our attitude and manners, particularly in a job interview. For example, first, sit on the edge of the chair is a signal of nervousness and express you’re uncomfortable. Second, stand in the space belonging to the others and cross the arm, which can be hostile. In order to make your job interview extremely successfully, you’d better prepare eye contact, facial expressions and right postures. Furthermore, nonverbal communication is related to the development of medical care. Usually, most people are getting involved with each other through verbal communication. However, when people are getting older, they are lacking the functions of social network and body function degradation so that they need to depend on nurses’ care— nonverbal behavior,which establish the relationship between nurses and patients, such as, smiling, body positioning and touch. Smiling may be one of the most important characteristics of a nurse who wishes to establish good rapport with patients (Schabracq 1987; Heintzman et al. 1993). Smiling is positively judged by other people and is considered as a sign of good humour, warmth and immediacy (Mehrabian 1972, Reece & Whitman 1962). † The body positioning points out whether the person is caring and listening. In the process of nonverbal behavior, the forward leaning indicates that nurse pay attention and care about the condition of the patients. In earlier research Reece & Whitman (1962) showed that leaning forward conveys warmth and friendliness. Forward leaning combined with smiling, eye contact and verbal attentiveness (‘hm-hm’) communicates an attitude of involvement. † Additionally, touch is an essential part in the medical care, which is a significant connection between nurses and patients. Touch can deliver the feeling of comfort, identification and encouragement in order to give patients a strong response to be optimistic through the medical process. In the medical way, touch can be divided into two parts; one is â€Å"instrumental touch†, another is â€Å"expressive† touch. Instrumental touch refers to the physical touch, such as bind up a wound. Expressive touch is more emotionally and spontaneous. Hence, touch is a key tool in the medical care; it makes patients more positive to face the medical treatment. What’s more, social interactions are a significant form of nonverbal communication. Symbolic stands for religious and status. On one hand, status can be a symbol of social level with person through his uniform, the brand of the car, and the size of the house. On the other hand, religious belief is equal to the culture, which makes certain people have unique communication. However, comparing to the difference between cultures, it’s pretty obviously that we can see the difference in the nonverbal communication. For example, physical space is a main difference. The acceptable physical distance in Latin America and Middle East is much shorter than it in America and Europe. Commonly, that’s why people often leave enough space for each other when they are standing online to buy the food. Besides, in terms of physical postures, the common example is the habit of many Americans who prefer to have a rest with their feet on the desk, but in Asia, Europe, and Middle East is unrespectable behavior. Additionally, hand and arm gestures means different between cultures. In some cases, for instance the â€Å"OK† sign, commonly it means everything is all right perfect. However, it means worthless in France and is money in Japan. Also, it even means rude in Germany. Another gesture â€Å"thumbs up†, usually it indicated all things are OK. But, in Nigeria, it means very offensive, while in Turkey, it means political rightist party. To sum up, nonverbal communication affects the way of people’s daily life, which tends to add more value to our communication. It makes our job review perfectly, promotes the development of the medical care, and enhances the progress of social interactions. As a result, nonverbal communication, as an essential communication skill, is getting more important and brings people the powerful communication with each other in different areas.

4 Ways You Can Use Your Holiday Break to Gear up for the New Year

4 Ways You Can Use Your Holiday Break to Gear up for the New Year Once you’ve settled down from all  the  excitement  of the holiday season, it’s important to look towards the New Year and have a plan. It can be temping to procrastinate and forget about your workplace responsibilities, but staying on track even in the face of a relaxing holiday is very important.   Instead, consider using downtime over the holiday break this year to set yourself up for a great start to 2017. Here are four ways to set yourself up for a productive 2017 and get ahead of the inevitable New Year’s resolutions.1.  Think about what you’ve done in 2016Take a look at your past year. You have the luxury of doing this without the day-to-day distractions of emails, meetings, and requests from colleagues, so take advantage of the time to stop and review. What worked for you in the past year? Did you start new habits that made your day easier? Did you cut out distractions? Start a new job?On the flip side, be honest about what didn’t go so well. If you felt like you didn’t have enough time to get everything done, what could you have done to streamline your schedule?2. Think about your goals for 2017.Once you get a picture of how your year went and what you might be able to do to improve next year, set some reasonable goals. Try not to fall into the New Year’s resolution trap, where we set goals based on a kind of idealized version of ourselves. Sure, it would be great if you could change everything on day one- no junk food, hitting the gym every day, never checking Facebook at work, or other worthy resolutions. Human nature usually has other plans, though, and we often slip right back into our previous ways by, oh, February.For your professional goals, make sure you’re staying practical and possible. If you think you’d like to change jobs, give yourself a timeline (complete with achievable steps) throughout the year. For example:February: Update your resume.March: Research potential c ompanies and recruit a friend to run through practice interviews with you.April: Start applying for job openings.Regardless of whether or not you want to leave your current job, think of the bigger picture: what would you like to be working on? If there’s a dream project you have within your existing role, or one that would be a little bit of a stretch for you, start mapping it out. Make an outline of what would be involved, and have a plan ready to discuss it with your manager after the holidays.Whatever your goals are, it’s crucial to do your prep work. The SMART (Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Realistic, and Timely) guideline is very helpful for building goals, weeding out unworkable ones, and saving yourself some grief.3. Catch up on unfinished business.Was there something you wanted to check off your to-do list before you rushed out the door for the holiday? Now’s your chance to take a crack at it without calls, meetings, or other workday tasks getting i n your way. I know it’s your time away from the office, but if you take two hours now to set yourself up for the return to work, think how calm you’ll feel next week while everyone else is scrambling to get back to work.4. Reach out to your network.The new year gives you an easy â€Å"in† to reach out to someone you haven’t talked to in a while. Even if you don’t have many of your professional contacts on your annual Christmas card list, a â€Å"Happy New Year!† note is a great opportunity to reconnect for 2017.Even if you do all four of these things, you’ll still have plenty of time for holiday joy and relaxation with friends and family. Think of it as an investment in yourself for the next year†¦ and you don’t even have to hit the gym or give up that bad habit to do it.

Biology Homework †Professional Assistance

Biology Homework – Professional Assistance Biology assignment is a challenge for those who don’t like this subject or not so good at it. But there are also some situations when you simply don’t have time for it. In all these cases we offer Biology assignment help to ease the studying and get the grade you need. Turn to our Biology experts We hire only professionals. Thus, we have a great team of writers specializing in Biology. Some of them have a PhD, while others have a huge experience in homework help Biology. They can complete the assignment of any difficulty level. That’s why there is no task the writers wouldn’t cope with. Get your paper on time You can turn to us urgent orders. We never refuse since we don’t want to let anyone down. You may indicate any deadline you need. We are not afraid of tight time frames. We are used to fulfilling tasks fast and at the same time professionally. 24-hour support We are online 24 hours a day and every day for your convenience. It doesn’t matter when you place an order. You will get a reply within 10 minutes. It’s a high-quality service and Biology assignment help we provide you with. We adhere to an individual approach. We offer information support during our cooperation. It includes an opportunity to contact your writer and ask any questions you have. This way it will be convenient to watch how the process of homework help Biology is going at . Prices you can afford We never set prices out of nowhere. We estimate the time our team spend on their work. We keep to a reasonable pricing policy. Do you want to know the exact price for Biology homework? You can check it in the order form right on our website. Choose what you are going to order, then the number of pages, and it will show the price. Moreover, sometimes we offer more profitable conditions for Biology homework. For instance, those who place their first order can get a discount. Those who order a big paper can count on a discount as well. Take it into consideration when placing your order. Get a great service and excellent Biology assignment at a low cost.

International view of economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International view of economics - Essay Example The primary factor to conceptualize would be the fact that every country pursues business differently. Laws affect the ways in which business is conducted from region to region and country to country. Negotiations are never conducted exactly as they would be where you have pursued such actions in any city, in any state in whichever country from which you originate. Knowledge and understanding of how others conduct business is an incredible advantage toward the understanding of global managerial economic situations. For example, where the deal is always the single most important consideration to Americans, the details and the way those details are ironed out would be more important for Europeans and Asians. This is where cultures clash in the board room. Something many who are experienced in global economic management would state unequivocally. David C. Korten in his discussion with the National Council of Churches explains that "We presently live under two competing systems of global governance: The Bretton Woods institutions and the United Nations. The former is primarily aligned with the corporate interest and the latter is primarily aligned with the human and natural interest." (Korten, David. C.; Global Economics; June 2003.) The problem with these competing systems of global economic governance is that they never meet in the middle.